This unit introduces three religious-based reform movements: Protestantism in mainland Europe, Protestantism in England, and the Catholic Counter-Reformation, as well as the subsequent violence they caused. To understand the Protestant Reform movement, we need to go back in history to the early 16th century when there was only one church in Western Europe - what we would now call the Roman Catholic Church - under the leadership of the Pope in Rome. But compared to the bloody and chaotic state of affairs in contemporary France, it was relatively successful, in part because Queen Elizabeth lived so long, until the Puritan Revolution or English Civil War in the seventeenth century. The Counter-Reformation was a comprehensive effort composed . While in the middle of the 16th century the nobility mostly sent their sons abroad for education (the new German Protestant universities were important in this regard), by the mid-1600s the nobility mostly stayed home for education. Historians began to concentrate on the values, beliefs and behavior of the people at large. Unrest due to the Great Schism of Western Christianity (13781416) excited wars between princes, uprisings among the peasants, and widespread concern over corruption in the Church, especially from John Wycliffe at Oxford University and from Jan Hus at the Charles University in Prague. A meeting was held in his castle in 1529, now known as the Colloquy of Marburg, which has become infamous for its complete failure. After the establishment of the Geneva academy in 1559, Geneva became the unofficial capital of the Protestant movement, providing refuge for Protestant exiles from all over Europe and educating them as Calvinist missionaries. Calvinism developed through the Puritan period, following the restoration of the monarchy under Charles II, and within Wales' Calvinistic Methodist movement. The oldest Protestant churches, such as the Moravian Church, date their origins to Jan Hus (John Huss) in the early 15th century. Following the excommunication of Luther and condemnation of the Reformation by the Pope, the work and writings of John Calvin were influential in establishing a loose consensus among various churches in Switzerland, Scotland, Hungary, Germany and elsewhere. In general, the Reformers argued that salvation in Christianity was a completed status based on faith in Jesus alone and not a process that requires good works, as in the Catholic view. In particular, the Thirty Years' War (16181648) devastated much of Germany, killing between 25% and 40% of its entire population. As it was led by a Bohemian noble majority, and recognised, for some time, by the Basel Compacts, the Hussite Reformation was Europe's first "Magisterial Reformation" because the ruling magistrates supported it, unlike the "Radical Reformation", which the state did not support. The Reformation in western and central Europe officially began in 1517 with Martin Luther and his 95 Theses. The Reformation was a split in the Latin Christian church instigated by Luther in 1517 and evolved by many others over the next decadea campaign that created and introduced a new approach to Christian faith called ' Protestantism .' Counter-Reformation used both coercion and institutional reform to retain its ecclesiastical control of Christendom. Translation of the Bible into German, French, English, and other languages. Cities with strong cults of saints were less likely to adopt Protestantism. It covered the following five areas: Doctrine (ideology) Ecclesiastical or Structural Reconfiguration Religious orders Spiritual Movements Political Dimensions The Counter-Reformation began after Martin Luther 's Reformation. Despite these wars against Protestant, Orthodox, and Muslim neighbours, the Confederation of Warsaw held with one notable exception. [16] The Council of Constance confirmed and strengthened the traditional medieval conception of church and empire. Ultimately, since Calvin and Luther disagreed strongly on certain matters of theology (such as double-predestination and Holy Communion), the relationship between Lutherans and Calvinists was one of conflict. European sovereigns, Catholic and Protestant alike, ignored his verdict. George Mason University's study on the fall of communism states, "Poland is, at first glance, one of the most religiously homogeneous countries on earth. [56] In 1538, when the kingly decree of the new Church ordinance reached Iceland, bishop gmundur and his clergy denounced it, threatening excommunication for anyone subscribing to the German "heresy". It expressed an alternate vision of Christian practice, and led to the creation and rise of Protestantism, with all its individual branches. "[13] She carried on a long correspondence with Pope Gregory XI, asking him to reform the clergy and the administration of the Papal States. Catholics labeled self-identified Evangelicals "Lutherans" to discredit them after the practice of naming a heresy after its founder. historians believe that the era of the Reformation came to a close when Catholic France allied itself with Protestant states against the Habsburg dynasty. The Counter-Reformation implemented by the Habsburgs severely damaged Slovakian Protestantism, although in the 2010s Protestants are still a substantial minority (~10%) in the country. The document sparked a religious revolution across Europe and . [58] In 1534, the Act of Supremacy recognised Henry as "the only Supreme Head on earth of the Church of England". In some cases, you likewise attain not discover the declaration The Unintended Reformation How A Religious Revolution Secularized Society Pdf that you are . Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. [62] In 1647, Massachusetts passed a law prohibiting any Jesuit Roman Catholic priests from entering territory under Puritan jurisdiction. Eire, Carlos M. N. "Calvin and Nicodemism: A Reappraisal". The Commonwealth was unique in Europe in the 16th century for its widespread tolerance confirmed by the Warsaw Confederation. Although the two movements agreed on many issues of theology, as the recently introduced printing press spread ideas rapidly from place to place, some unresolved differences kept them separate. Fewer referendums on leisure, state intervention, and redistribution in Swiss cantons with more Protestants. With the Counter Reformation, the church dedicated itself against protestants. Both Catholics and Orthodox Christians converts became Calvinists and the Anti-Trinitarians. Executions ceased in 1661 when King Charles II explicitly forbade Massachusetts from executing anyone for professing Quakerism. The counter-reformation was introduced in Europe to weaken the Protestant Reformation and rebuild the power of the Catholic Church through education, clergy reform, and spreading of the Catholic faith. These missionaries dispersed Calvinism widely, and formed the French Huguenots in Calvin's own lifetime and spread to Scotland under the leadership of John Knox in 1560. Some Protestants left Italy and became outstanding activists of the European Reformation, mainly in the PolishLithuanian Commonwealth (e.g. [66], Bishop Richard Davies and dissident Protestant cleric John Penry introduced Calvinist theology to Wales. A separate Protestant community, of the Lutheran faith, existed in the newly conquered province of Alsace, its status not affected by the Edict of Fontainebleau. You might not require more mature to spend to go to the books launch as skillfully as search for them. Discover which Roman Catholic practices caused Martin Luther to write his. Eventually the expulsions of the Counter-Reformation reversed the trend. An English king had a disagreement with the pope. This assertion of civic independence was the context of Calvin's invitation to Geneva, and many of Calvin's reforms and his growing influence sparked resistance within Geneva's . In the late 15th and early 16th centuries, Christians began to openly criticize the Roman Catholic Church for teaching things contrary to the Bible. In Electoral Saxony the Evangelical-Lutheran Church of Saxony was organised and served as an example for other states, although Luther was not dogmatic on questions of polity. Parallel to events in Germany, a movement began in the Swiss Confederation under the leadership of Huldrych Zwingli. Following World War II, the removal of ethnic Germans to either East Germany or Siberia reduced Protestantism in the Warsaw Pact countries, although some remain today. Although this is generally considered a Protestant belief, a similar formulation was taught by Molinist and Jansenist Catholics. Higher public spending on schooling and better educational performance of military conscripts. Which statement best describes a reform initiated by the Council of Trent? Which leader restored the Church of England? [38], The following supply-side factors have been identified as causes of the Reformation:[39], The following demand-side factors have been identified as causes of the Reformation:[39], A 2020 study linked the spread of Protestantism to personal ties to Luther (e.g. Protestants likely formed a majority of Hungary's population at the close of the 16th century, but Counter-Reformation efforts in the 17th century reconverted a majority of the kingdom to Catholicism. During this time as the issue of religious faith entered into the arena of politics, Francis came to view the movement as a threat to the kingdom's stability. Who were some of the key figures of the Reformation? [citation needed], Luther and his followers did not see these theological developments as changes. While the Anabaptist movement enjoyed popularity in the region in the early decades of the Reformation, Calvinism, in the form of the Dutch Reformed Church, became the dominant Protestant faith in the country from the 1560s onward. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. The Reformation, which began in Germany but spread quickly throughout Europe, was initiated in response to the growing sense of corruption and administrative abuse in the church. The context of the Reformation was the strange state of the Catholic Church as of the late fifteenth century. The Counter-Reformation was a period of spiritual, moral, and intellectual revival in the Catholic Church in the 16th and 17th centuries, usually dated from 1545 (the opening of the Council of Trent) to 1648 (the end of the Thirty Years' War). The Roman Inquisition was a court of the Catholic Church that prosecuted crimes of heresy. This established the preconditions for a series of destructive and intermittent conflicts, known as the Wars of Religion. His desire for an annulment of his marriage was known as the King's Great Matter. The reformation wave swept first the Holy Roman Empire, and then extended beyond it to the rest of the European continent. There had long been a strong strain of anti-clericalism. Protestant historians have become accustomed to calling this 'reflexive or defensive movement' the 'Counter- Reformation .
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