It submits that the problem with constitutionalism in Nigeria is poor leadership and poor implementation of the Constitution. POL 124 MAIN CONTENT Mar 21, 2011 NEW (1), Resource Control, Federalism and Peace in the Niger Delta: A Reflection on Nigeria at Fifty, Federalism and Revenue Allocation in Nigeria: A Critical Evaluation of the Derivation Principle, Legal Framework for Fiscal Federalism: Issues and Options for Reform, RESOURCE CONTROL, REVENUE ALLOCATION AND PETROLEUM POLITICS IN NIGERIA: THE NIGER DELTA QUESTION, Intergovernmental Fiscal Relations in Nigeria's Fourth Republic: Issues and Challenges, The Nigerian State and the Quest for Restructuring: Implications for Democratic Consolidation, Federalism, Democracy and Constitutionalism: The Nigerian Experience. Federalism in Nigeria can be traced to Sir Frederick Lord Lugard , when the Northern and Southern protectorates were amalgamated in 1914. Be the first to get hottest news from our Editor-in-Chief, Check your email and confirm your subscription. Such arrangement would inter alia breed neglect, frustration and aggression; no thanks to the red-tape inherent in unitarism. To begin with, the title of this book, " Last Train to Biafra " is allegorically evocative of the severing of, or rather the dead relationship between Nigeria and Biafra. /F2 9 0 R Federalism did not return to Nigeria until after his death. Email Address. Federalism was basically introduced to bring about peace and unity in the different regions of the country. But nigeria today became the proudable and bearable country, 3 0 obj The second theory focuses on the existence of external military or diplomatic threat for the origin of federalism. Population of the country Nigeria as a nation has succeeded in commanding influence among member states by the virtue of its size. This was a period when long efforts were made to identify the legal relationships between the Leagues and the City States (Mogi, 1931:21). The powers that exist between the federal and state government also depends on the constitution. British North American colonies unite 3 Up to 1867, the colonies 4 of British North America had no political or geographical links. In developing countries like India, Iraq and Nigeria, federalism has either failed to close developmental gaps and ethno-communal tensions among various states or, more worryingly, in some. It is important to also reason that small states are prone to domination and sometimes control by the big ones. However, the practice of fiscal federalism in Nigeria is a negation of true federalism. Consequently, the economic condition was one of the reasons that led to the adoption of federal systems of government in both Nigeria and South Africa. Keep it up , Yes , I love it and I was sentitize on those reasons. /Filter /FlateDecode Also, Read: Local Government In Nigeria : Definition, Functions, And Importance. >> +roiF9_? AK ku nh4P9\ }}31Ik "V mk@G~ . Enter the email address you signed up with and we'll email you a reset link. Federalism And Intergovernmental Relations In Nigeria. This was one of the major reasons for the creation of the newer and smaller states after the independence. Enter the email address you signed up with and we'll email you a reset link. Abacha regime, added more states making Nigeria a federation of 36 states and Federal capital Territory at Abuja. welcome, and thanks for reading us. /Width 371 The current problems facing the Nigeria government and the Biafra separatist agitators originate in the causes and the effects of the Nigerian Civil war (06 July 1967-15 January 1970). History of federal system of government in nigeria. /Font << But before moving to the crux of this article, we will be looking briefly at the meaning and history of federalism in Nigeria. 7 Cooperative federalism was dominant from the 1930s through the 1970s. CLICK HERE To Pay With Debit Card ($15) GHANA - Make Payment of 80 GHS to MTN MoMo, 0553978005, Douglas Osabutey. Have you ever wondered why Nigeria is practicing a federal system of government and not any other system? It advocates good governance and a participatory approach to constitutional review as the foundations for strong constitutionalism in Nigeria. reasons for the adoption of federalism in nigeria pdf. Since federal systems have been formed for different reasons and to Journal of public administration and Management Vol.6,No.12, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka. << Your email address will not be published. Another important factor that necessitated federalism in Nigeria was the political culture of the country. /Height 235 The states' territories were formed around ethnic groups with common interest and close ties, culture, and dialects. This is because federalism is presented as a panacea in organizing distinct political identities under a state. Manages And Maintains And Secures Nigeria. One of the major reasons why countries choose federalism is because of size. Nigeria's founding fathers desired a federal political framework, believing that federal states have the structural capacity to accommodate diversity. Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. It has severally been emphasized by both the Northern and Western politicians that God did not create Nigeria but the British. Also it is more useful to expansiate on them. Do you want to know the basis and the reasons for the adoption of federalism in Nigeria? Common national, racial, religious, cultural linguistic or social ties have often contributed to the unification of political unit. In the case of Nigeria - how the oil money will be (in)judiciously dealt with. Nigeria thus consists of various ethnic groups and sub-national states, all of which are at the mercy of the Central government. Reasons for a state to adopt a federal system include the need to reflect linguistic, economic and cultural differences of a population, especially one that is concentrated geographically. (eds. The Legacy of Biafra: An Investigation into trauma as National Identity Fragmentation, Under Reconstruction: Ethnicity, Ethnic Nationalism, and the Future of the Nigerian State, ETHNIC SCHISM IN NIGERIA: A SOCIO-LITERAY STUDY OF CHINUA ACHEBE'S THERE WAS COUNTRY. In this article, I will elucidate and discuss with references the reasons for the adoption of federalism in Nigeria. From that date, the concept of federalism incorporated the idea of patterned contact at two levels: at the governmental level between the participating units, and among the citizens of these different units (Dare, 1979:26). Historical experience 3.2 2. The analysis of the emerging issues and scenarios as well as the response options aims at supporting the efforts of different stakeholders including the Federal government on managing the current pro-Biafra agitation. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. 1 Issue 2, BETWEEN THE PRISMS OF NECESSITY AND LEGALITY - THE IPOB PROSCRIPTION IN CONTESTATION_pp.43-57, RE-THINKING BIAFRA IDEOLOGY OF SELF-DETERMINATION IN NIGERIA, A (UN)JUST AND (UN)HOLY WAR? Moreover, it is important to note that most of the ethnic groups in Nigeria had strong political inter-group relationship before colonial rule. To browse Academia.edu and the wider internet faster and more securely, please take a few seconds toupgrade your browser. Federalism was the only solution to ensure peace and unity amongst the leaders and the citizens and that was why federalism was adopted into the Nigerian political system. However, where there is a conflict of authority between the federal government and regional government, the federal authority supersedes. stream It is on this footing, herewith, that one can properly understand the rational for, and theory of federalism, what and why certain trends theme up federal-state relations in Nigeria, and the features of federal-state relations in Nigeria. The effectiveness of linking communications has been a vital factor in geographical unit. All these strengthen political bonds and gave Rice to unity in diversity. five reasons for the adoption of federalism in Nigeria explained. On the contrary it has also been suggested that is created more diversity and conflict for the nation to grapple with. Nigeria, a previously unitary state, became a federation in 1954. /Type /XObject The fear of ethnic groups overlapping regional boundaries and the loyalties of castes cutting of some extent across provincial political boundaries also encourage some groups to support wider federal unions. This marginalization is evinced by untold hardships such as poverty, lack of infrastructure for health care and education, and generally impaired wellbeing. By using our site, you agree to our collection of information through the use of cookies. In some areas where major communal or other social antagonism cuts across territorial boundaries, ranging through all the federating units, communities or classes have been driven to seek to protect or strengthen their position by inter-territorial union. Other specific reasons for the increasing demand for decentralisation are: Central governments increasingly are finding that it is impossible for them to . This paper explores the issue of unification federalism in Nigeria, which has been an obstacle to peace, development and threats to security .The findings from an extensive reading of related materials suggest that, the root of contemporary political conflict and underdevelopment in Nigeria political landscape shows clearly in the area of By every political barometer, this is a thought-provoking account of the Nigeria-Biafra political imbroglio. Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. It is also an undisputed fact that the Hausas and Yorubas fought Biafra to keep the unity of Nigeria. Besides the Big Three - Igbo, Hausa and Yoruba, there are other macro and micro ethnic minorities in the country. Post-independence creation of states and further division of states created after independence was done as a framework for the development of Nigeria. Required fields are marked *. Nigeria. Mainly of telling who is who in a given society. /F4 15 0 R 7. The U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) is publishing this proposed rule to revise HUD's regulations for branch office registration requirements. More importantly, certain heavy but blurred (or fluid) terminologies that define or designate Nigerias federal principle, which are highly pertinent to coexistence, have yet compounded the theoretical and practical significance of federalism in Nigeria. Pls visit us again dear reader. The paper contends that unitary federalism in Nigeria is an imposition and extension of colonial and military entrenched inequalities in the Nigerian state. And even now we can see the population of Nigeria compared to other countries in Africa. It needs proper review so that the country can move forward as a nation. FOR CLIENTS OUTSIDE NIGERIA. Unity of the country: 3.3 3. Evidently, Nigeria's political culture. Despite that, instead of unity, cooperation and consensus, there has been apparent division, disagreement, and dissension. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); Reasons for the Adoption of Federalism in Nigeria. The unity here is brought about by the desire of the component units of the federation to form union in respect of some matters. The intimidating size of Nigeria does not only earn her an international respect but also provides her with a buffer to attacks by rogue nations and disgruntled neighbours. % In a unitary constitution which opposes federal principles, everything belongs to the central government; the federating unit does not exist, let alone agitating for resource control. We can offhandedly list all of the reasons for the adoption of federal system in Nigeria. With the total area of 923,768 km, Nigeria can not justifiably be administered by a lone leviathan from the top. Useful tips on how to download from YouTube using SS, 10 most delicious Nigerian dishes for dinner, "Youve admitted election was flawed", Atiku replies Tinubu campaign, Whitney Adeyemi: Protest Hits Lagos as Residents Besiege Chrisland School, Long Fulani tribal braids: 30 beautiful styles to try out, Old Naira notes: 5 key things to know about Supreme Court's final verdict, "Precious don finish work": Little girl with 'anointing' prays passionately over food as mum watches, video trends. In 1939 sir Bernard Bourdillion made a serious constitutional proposal which concluded having regional councils with a central council in Lagos. This paper exploits the growth benefits that ICT sector has provided and its impact on the Nigerian economy. Nigeria can be said to be operating the federal system of government, whereas in actual practice, the country is tending towards a unitary system. A Policy Brief examining the actors, factors and dynamics of the agitations, questioning if the current agitation is another flash in the pan and if current responses are adequate to address the agitations for secession of Biafra from Nigeria. And this is one of the factors responsible for the adoption of federalism in Nigeria. Problems of Nigerian Federalism 1) Revenue Allocation: This has been a problem in Nigeria. This type of government is also known as a "federation" or a "federal state" in common parlance (eg., United States of America). Federalism is a system of government where there are a decentralization power and autonomy of governance to the regional or federated states that share sovereignty with the Federal Government. In the words of Richards, regionalism was introduced to strengthen unity in diversity. The disadvantages are that it can set off a race to the bottom among states, cause cross-state economic and social disparities, and obstruct federal efforts . Present Nigeria was formed by the amalgamation of two regions which many see as a big influence in why federalism was later adopted by the British and later on by Nigerian leaders as at the time of independence. Academia.edu uses cookies to personalize content, tailor ads and improve the user experience. @VF:8=|@5&/1df gbjtCoy(L5A,JCI1/'5DT8`A!UY*&wTN5[v;KXvH* 5:>}W^Bp_ ;R!&L %s\q'(], Now, because the level of the development of the productive forces was still at a rudimentary stage, the pervasiveness of commodity relations was equally at a low level. Wheare who contends that it is a system where powers are shared between central and regional governments so that each is in a sphere cordinate and independent. Nigeria is quite a big country with an area of 923,768 km2. Under this type, there exist a balkanization of formerly unitary state near disintegration and its diversities which progress to a state. REASONS FOR ADOPTION OF FEDERALISM According to IDEA (2015:3), federalism is adoption for the following reasons: Scale: This credited the operation of federalism to the adoption of democracy which allowed for citizens to participate directly in political life. This book was released on 2022-09-16 with total page 197 pages. Federalism as said earlier decentralizes power. The contradictions generated by this rigional arrangement threatened Nigeria unity. That notwithstanding, The origin and concept of federalism boasts of a very popular definition by an American scholar, K.C. >> /Type /Page 6 0 obj It furthers the University's objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide There may be no point, of course, boring ones moment with such lengthy activity of working out their conceptual nuances. Reasons for the adoption of federalism in Nigeria include: 1. In order to examine these issues, this paper adopted qualitative research and intrinsic approach methodology, along with relative deprivation theory. Federalism in Nigeria. Moreover, and Democracy in Nigeria, ISSUES IN NIGERIAN FISCAL FEDERALISM; THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE PRINCIPLE OF DERIVATION AND RESOURCE CONTROL. a system of state organization, to bring a workable polity with a just moral order is the reason why states adopt or should adopt federalism. For instance, such noun phrases like: nationality, nation, citizenship, identity, ethnicity, ethnic group, indigene, state of origin, etc, are inherently conflict laden, with abundant intellectual understandings. /Contents 4 0 R To make mortgage industry standards more flexible and modernized, the proposed rule would remove the requirement that lenders and mortgagees register with HUD each branch office . Also see: Reasons why lawyers wear wigs to court, Origin and nature of federalism in Nigeria. government and the governed by enhancing political cohesion in such country with regional, ethic, racial, linguistic and cultural diversity like Nigeria. Send the Following Details on WhatsApp ( 08143831497) After Payment. Reasons For The Adoption Of Federalism In Nigeria. Promoters of the idea were of the view that the /Subtype /Image Northern Cameroons should remain with Northern Nigeria but Southern Cameroon should be granted autonomy with a legislature of its own. Required fields are marked *. V(B8eDK@sx AK hG~ u;6DV,pwP# _ O4C sR 8_yC ! 9S ) ?roh _ O4C sR & Pf?? AK kyC?& Pf;_Hu j_ G$: 5/ These maladies have led to a renewal of the call for secession by the South-Eastern ethnic group of Nigeria for a Republic of Biafra, on the basis that they are being short-changed in the political cum socio-economic largess accumulating from the Centre. %&'()*456789:CDEFGHIJSTUVWXYZcdefghijstuvwxyz Federalism in Nigeria refers to the devolution of self-governance by the West African nation of Nigeria to its federated states, who share sovereignty with the Federal Government. Introduction In a statement on the 2015 Nigerian General Elections the Freedom House (2015a) congratulated Nigerians for an election that appears to be one of the smoothest and least violent in Nigeria's Federalism is a method of segregating powers so that the central and local governments are each within a domain, harmonizing and autonomous. federalism, a heavily coercive effort by a nondemocratic centralizing power to put together a multinational state, some of the components of which had previously been independent states. There is a general opinion that Nigeria was formed because of the interest of the British and they had to govern the country under a federation system. This makes it possible for the minorities to be separated from the domination of big ethnic groups. This embodies ideas of promise, obligation, and undertaking; and consequently, the federal idea draws on collaboration, reciprocity, and mutuality. Do you know the reasons for federalism in Nigeria? /Resources << The Complete Material Will Be Sent To Your . Section 10 of the constitution rule outs the adoption of any religion as a state religion either. 2023, Bscholarly LLC. Mere desire to unite is not enough but there must be the desire to remain separate in respect to other matters. Political culture of Nigeria: 3.4 4. It also decided that the Public . That is often the reason why some adherents of Marx quarrel vehemently about such preordained classification such as: haves and have-nots; and the liberal minds grappling with, insisting not only that all hands are not equal, but that they must never, for whatsoever reason at all, be made equal - believing that that would tantamount to the highest injustice. Also see: Historical constitutional development in Nigeria explained. It was believed that federal system of government would take care of the interest of the minority and human rights that had been the fear of the minority under colonial rule. s" five reasons for the adoption of federalism in nigeria Another factor that prompted the adoption of federalism in Nigeria is the fear of insecurity and the desire for union. i dont have my first school leaving certificate. Nigeria therefore falls into the latter because of the wide diversities. It should be noted, however, that the Leagues significantly differ from modern federations in one respect: namely, while the various governments freely interacted, no prosperous direct contact between the populace of the various governments was permitted. Keywords: Federalism, Nigeria, ethnic groups, federal character principle . In examining post-independence constitution-making in Nigeria, this chapter finds that military rule blighted Nigerias capacity to respond appropriately to the challenges of federalism. MCC Vol 2 No 1 Article 04.pdf, GJ #2018, 2, Globalization and Federation in Peril: Renewed Agitations for Statehood and the Future of Nigerian State, by A. M. Maigari and U. Dantani, GLOBALIZATION AND FEDERATION IN PERIL: RENEWED AGITATIONS FOR STATEHOOD AND THE FUTURE OF NIGERIAN STATE, RESTRUCTURING NIGERIA: BEYOND POLITICAL RHETORIC AND THE MORAL PANIC, PDF copy of Published paper on Agitation and restructuring.pdf, ESSAYS ON RIGHT TO SELF DETERMINATION AS A PEREMPTORY NORM AND THE LIMITATION IN EXERCISING THAT RIGHT.pdf, Federalism, Military Legacies and the Restructuring Debate in Contemporary Nigeria, Legal Aid Journal of Legal Issues Vol. In other not to control only some parts of the big country, Nigeria, the colonial masters thought it wise to divide the country into different component units that will be represented in the government. Some of the reasons include preservation of identities. Book excerpt: Defensive Federalism presents an original contribution to the field of federalism and multinational democracies, exploring the concept of defensive federalism as a protection of self- government against the "tyranny of the majority". As I have already explained, Nigeria is an amalgamation of three different regions with beliefs and customs. I love this article,very educating and interesting Matters, enumerated in the exclusive list are selected for the federal authority, while matters that fall within the concurrent list are selected for the federal government, and the regions. The main goal of the Convention was to revise the Articles of Confederation, the agreement that governed the 13 colonies and was adopted by the Continental Congress on November 15, 1777, shortly after the end of the Revolutionary War . This has led to a deep sense of alienation and politics of ethnic identity. The availability of resources in a particular region and the need for that area to control the resources has also been seen as a reason for a federal system in Nigeria. Bashar Abubakar Bukkuyum This is good 'nd thank you Blogger. Also it is more useful to expansiate on them. All rights reserved. This is why there is a clamoring for restructuring and true federalism in Nigeria. 33 The Marriage Act, Laws of the Federation of Nigeria, 1990, sec 18 specifically stipulates: "If either party to an intended marriage, not being a Consent widower or widow, is under twenty-one years of age, the written consent of the father, or if he be dead or of unsound mind or absent from Nigeria, of the mother, or if both be dead or of unsound mind or absent from Nigeria, of the . The leaders also were from different major tribes and also wanted a level of power. Federalism also in this manner, preserves cultures of the minorities from being drowned in the ocean of the cultures of the majorities. Biafrans who are geographically in the South and SouthEast of Ni-geria feel and believe that their economic and developmental prowess are not well represented in the Nigerian state, and this lack of representation leads to marginalization. 2012, Issues and Trends in Nigeria's Development. RESTRUCTURE OR DISINTEGRATE, OFFICIAL CORRUPTION AND THE DILEMA OF INSTABILITY IN NIGERIA, The Rationale for AfSol in Peace and Security: The Global, National and Regional Precipitants, Agitation for Restructuring and Resource Control in Nigeria's Federalism: Issues, Perspectives and the Way Forward, Giving Peace a Chance in Nigeria: The Case for a Preventive Diplomacy, Framing of Neo-Biafra Agitations in Selected Nigerian Newspapers, CRISES OF FEDERALISM IN NIGERIA AND THE FUTURE OF THE MIDDLE BELT REGION, Social Media and Hate Speech: Analysis of Comments on Biafra Agitations, Nigeria. Dear Chidera, federalism allows the creation of ethnic-based federating units (States). It represents a synthetic between two perspectiveneess; one is that politics of the United States should produce the good commonwealth and the other is that the principal task of politics is to create an open political market. Keywords: Civil war, Secession, Self-determination, Nationalism and Restructuring, This work critically examines the issues undermining the unification of Nigeria, using indicators and concepts including failed state, separatist agitation and insecurity. Unfortunately, to suit their interests and political agenda, the federal and state governments over time immemorial have maintained great level of . Federalism is a mixed form of government where there is a general government always known as the central or federal government and regional governments which could be provincial or states governments. $4%&'()*56789:CDEFGHIJSTUVWXYZcdefghijstuvwxyz ? Also see: Differences between Cross-offers and counter-offers, five reasons for the adoption of federalism in nigeria. There are three major tribes in Nigeria namely Hausa, Igbo, and Yoruba. Emphasis on indigeneity, the federal revenue allocation formula and the increasing formalization of the 'federal character' principle, to mention only a few issues, increase sources of tensions and potential conflicts. It was subsequently, not until after the American constitution of 1787, that a new concept of federalism was introduced. So majority if not all of them were in favor of a federalist system of governance. Despite the profound and lengthy discussions that have taken place on the subject for about four and half decades, consensus has not been reached concerning the optimal formula to adopt to achieve desired economic development . The Emergence of Nigeria as a political entity under colonial rule was not an easy affair. Generally speaking, one of the reasons for federalism is common historical or ancestral background. Multi-Ethnicity Nigeria is a country with a lot of ethnic groups. Secondly, are these groups well pleased, or do they at least accept such manipulative placements? 4 Topics . It was under the 1954 constitution that federal system of government was fully adopted. Unfortunately, since the formation of Nigeria and adoption of this system of governance in the country has not seen much effect of federalism. "There are reasons why some nation-states opt for federalism. These crises flow from issues such as fiscal federalism, corruption, credible elections, tribal politics, ethno-religious conflicts, and disdain for the rule of law. Pillars of democracy: 7 Essential pillars of democracy. INTERNAL COLONIALISM IN NIGERIA Some of the reasons for the adoption of federalism in Nigeria are the diversity of the nation and the desire for political, cultural and social identity of a people of over 250 ethnic groups, several languages, diversities and a lot of political traditions; the desire for some form of More so, the colonial masters with the Richards Constitution in 1947 launched Nigeria onto the path of the present federal system of government via the regionalization of the country.
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