Knowledge as truth indicates that some thing has been brought to light, has been revealed and this we consider a fact; but it is only a fact within the theoretical viewing or system that has brought it to light as such. This revealing or bringing out from concealment of what has been buried is the correctness of our representations or what we have come to call the correspondence theory of truth. In Latin, this account is ratio:the ground of the truth of judgement isratio. On most occasions we do not and this is due to our relation to the objects of the world that we have brought before us. Darwin and Nietzsche: Part 3: Truth as Correctness: Its Relation to Values. The main problem that you will be faced with in this prompt is that it is so broad that a focus is required, and you can begin to do so by looking at how values and beliefs changed in any number of areas of knowledge. Correctness as consistency means that a statement is deduced from another statement in accordance with the rules of reasoning. Technology, understood as instrumentality, is a matter of ends and means. The language and engagement in the conversation that is dialecticis not the attempt to out-argue someone, but getting ones partner in the conversation to open their eyes and see; dialectic is possible between friends, not between rivals; dialectic is not political. are the questions that can be explored in the Exhibition. I know this will likely bother anyone who is interested in order and logic, but I've decided to break the order of prompts so I can publish them as I record them. Why is an alternative approach necessary? Any image of medicinal healing of any type can answer the questions of for whom (human beings) and for what purposes (health) because health is determined to be a good end or purpose and it has value for us. Can new knowledge change established values and beliefs? The question here is what is meant by objectivity? 35. This prompt is covered in greater depth under #17. True education is the leading out and a liberation towards seeing revealed truth. . atoms or historical figures, varies with our prior conception of their being, how we have defined and classified them. 16. Our word monster finds its root inmonere or warning. Human being projects itself in its own project. 9. We do not acquire what can be called objective knowledge of nature as that was traditionally understood. The intention of this writing is to provoke thought on your part so that you are mindful of your choices and, hopefully, gain greater knowledge of who you are so that you will be able to make more aware judgements in the future about academic and ethical questions. Paper: 'Woman's brain, man's brain: feminism and anthropology in late nineteenth-century France' From Platos dialectic or that conversation that is conducted among friends, we have inductive and deductive logic, from diaeresisanddianoia,the separation and the bringing together. did not belong to Mr. Gates but came from outside of him. ), while a world-view can be either pre-scientific or scientific. Subjectivity, according to Kant, is the lawfulness of reasons which provide the possibility of an object. It has the connotations of to live, or to live through. The word will here is like how we use it in free will, in that it means "a causation leading to a desired effect/result". The doing of unethical or unlawful actions will become de riguer as they take their place within the worlds corporations. An old story which Plato speaks about in his Theaetetus is that Thales, while occupied in studying the heavens above and looking up, fell into a well. This lack of self-knowledge elicits pity and fear from us: pity for the waste of the good that is the goodness of the tragic hero as a human being, and fear that such a lack of self-knowledge may be present in ourselves. Herein arises the role of algebraic calculation: everything counts as existing when and only when it has been securely established as a calculable object for cognition. the permanent, unchanging things in contrast to the things that change. Historicism denies this truth and it asserts that there is no truth outside of the historical contexts from which it has been produced. After the mind has done so, the rendering of sufficient reasons is what counts as good evidence and a good explanation, and provides the justification for the knowledge claim made about the thing. it is after hours, the owner is away on holidays, the owner is observing a religious festival, etc. Answer: Updating beliefs with new knowledge should be heavily influenced by motivation and epistemological values. (Heidegger, What is a Thing), This is an instance of the general idea that our mode of access to a type of entity, e.g. It must be that we feel that we have nothing to learn from the thinking that occurred before this time, or perhaps we feel that we already know the discussions that the great minds undertook regarding things in the past and that we can learn about them but not from them. OMG! Whence means from where, when and speaks of the origins of the thing in question. Requiring surety and certainty are the consequences of the approach to life that we have inherited from Cartesianism: cogito ergo sum. What role do experts play in influencing our consumption or acquisition of knowledge? Just as the essence of technology is not itself technological, so the essence of calculation and the calculable is not accessible to calculation. In todays philosophical language this interpretative method is called hermeneutics, and it derives its authority from the premise that all knowledge is historical i.e. Skills are know how, what the Greeks calledtechne. Technology itself is a disclosive looking and is not to be understood as manufacturing. Knowing the audience is the recognition that we are beings in bodies. What this means is that something is, something can only be identified as a being/thing, only if it is stated in a sentence that satisfies the fundamental principle of reason as its founding i.e.. it is the fundamental principle of all that is, including statements made to others. We get together and discuss TOK Exhibition Prompt 11: Can new knowledge change established values and beliefs? Correctness is being directed toward something, making statements that are fitted or suitable for the things that are spoken about. OT 3: Knowledge and Politics Part 1. The philosophical principles lying inside quantum physics and Heisenbergs indeterminacy principle are proofs that what was traditionally called objectivity in the sciences is no longer possible. What counts as good evidence for a knowledge claim is demonstrated by the manner in which that claim is grounded i.e. To go into this matter here is much too complicated and I, frankly, am not sure that I am capable of it. 16. She can help bring that health out into the open. But our word virtue which for the Greeks meant the manliness of a man has come to mean the chastity of a woman. with the way in which man withstands the There, the openness and hiddenness of the beings among which he stands. Before the German philosopher Leibniz declaring the principle of reason astheprinciple, it lay in hiding in the darkness of our assumptions throughout Western history. Such a lack of knowledge is not crucial to our well-being or survival. Thus the issue between competing scientific theories cannot always be settled by experience. It is directed by what is called rhetoric, and rhetoric has its own techniques. Whenever we speak of the production of knowledge, we are speaking of the bringing forth of what was once hidden into presence so that we may see it face to face. 3. In logic, the word correctnessis lack of contradiction, consistency. But what about the things that are about us? What is the relationship between knowledge and culture? The author Reasons must be rendered to human beings who determine objects as objects by way of a representation that judges. Experiment in this sense is quite different from experience: science becomes rational-mathematical, i.e. We find such certainty and surety in the knowledge that results from mathematical calculation; that is, mathematical calculation is a predication of the subject knowledge i.e. CT 1 Knowledge and the Knower: Empowerment. Beings as a whole are now taken in such a way that they are in being first and only insofar as they are presented by the human being as the representer and producer, that is, as objects. This gathering and laying is a reciprocal relationship, a two-fold back and forth relationship involving both you as knower and the things that you know, the images or objects you have chosen. Each student created an exhibition of three objects to connect to one specific question. However, such knowledge has also brought about many ills and challenges that we are now trying to overcome and must overcome if we are to sustain life on this planet. In what ways do our values affect our acquisition of knowledge? (See response to Prompt #21) Religion is what we bow down to or what we look up to and self-knowledge will reveal the idols that one may look up to or bow down to. Information only informs when the data which comprises it is placed within a system (the form) that allows it to in-form. According to Wikipedia, a good explanation is a set of statements usually constructed to describe a set of interpreted facts which clarifies the causes, context, and consequences of those interpreted facts. This description of the facts etc. The providing ofsufficient reasons is what we consider to be a good justification for a claim. The Greeks, for example, did not have any values and the closest approximation we have to describe this situation is what the Greeks understood by virtue. Procuring health is the setting up of conditions and abetting the properties that are already present in nature and allowing those conditions and properties to flourish. Can new knowledge change established values and beliefs? - WordPress.com We do not have certainty regarding our knowledge of nature, but we do have dependability and we can count on the results we achieve through our inquiring and experimentation. What values and beliefs changed due to our change in our relationship to Nature could be undertaken. Prompt 11: Can new knowledge change established values and beliefs? The knowledge of the techne is his own or he has made that knowledge his own, but the production of knowledge, the products of that knowledge or the applications of the knowledge is through another and for another. When we say that science is the theory of the real, we are saying that science is the viewing that allows the interpretation of the being of things to be objects and to be understood as reality. The why and the how, as well as the what are explained and this is usually indicated by our use of the word be-cause, the cause is. An examination of the characteristics of the types of knowledge has been undertaken in greater depth on this prompt in this blog: https://mytok.blog/2019/11/30/ct-1-perspectives-woks/. The modern world-picture, however, involves several components: mathematical science; machine technology; the reduction of art to an object of experience; the conception of all human activity as culture and as the realization of values (empowerment), the concern of a cultural policy politically; a godlessness that co-exists with the modernization of the Christian world-view and with intense religious experience. OT 2: Language and Knowledge. it is public. Our being-in-the-world is permeated by a lack of knowledge. Sophia and episteme arenot opinion because they are already complete i.e. Plato examines the relation of the body to the soul under the themes of illness and deformity in his dialogue Sophist. This is what you are doing with the images and objects of your Exhibition. We as human beings define ourselves as the animal rationale, that animal that is capable of reason or the animal that is capable of ratio or of counting, the animal capable of language. The principle of reason states: nothing is without (a) cause or nothing is without a reason or nothing is without reason. What is the relationship between personal experience and knowledge? The sign is what is referred to as a tautology. Although dialectic is now considered a complex philosophical term, in its original sense it could mean nothing more than a discussion among friends at Starbucks over coffee. What counts as a good justification for a claim? when so much then so much. no knowledge is permanent, and this is quite contrary to how the Greeks understood knowledge as in sophia and episteme; they understood that some things are permanent. It is this that we call understanding. One of the possible approaches to this prompt is to distinguish between the implications of having or not having self-knowledge and of having or not having shared knowledge. Theory of Knowledge: An Alternative Approach. Calling Him God or Father or whatever is not naming Him because what is lacking is knowledge by acquaintance and the terms used to describe Him are analogies or metaphors. For the interpretation of a result as a result is conducted with the help of the principle {the principle of reason}, presupposed, but not grounded. Correctness as free from contradiction and being consistent is called formal truth, not related to the content of beings in distinction from the material truth of content. In order to know the audience so that ones knowledge can be communicated, the speaker of such knowledge must understand the human beings who are the hearers. What this definition indicates is that the production of knowledge is what the Greeks called techne, and in all of those prompts that speak of the production or producing of knowledge we can be certain that the technological viewing of the world is at play. In other areas, there are few, for example, who understand the mathematics involved in quantum and relativity physics. Our methodological approach has been determined prior to our access to the thing which determines what the being of the thing is in the first place. In TOK we are asked to put questions to what we think we know and how we think we know. While this is not so much an issue for high school students, it will become very much an issue as they proceed in their education. A current example could be the claims made by Alan Dershowitz, a prominent professor of law from Harvard University, in the impeachment trial of Donald J. Trump. If one follows through on this distinction between ignorance and madness, one can see that a great deal of madness is prevalent today in advanced societies. It is assessed internally, but moderated externally. The Theory of Knowledge Exhibition Prompts The TOK Exhibition (also sometimes called the TOK IA) counts for one-third of your marks in the course. To count on means that the knowledge produced can be relied upon with certainty to be that which is said about it. Join. It is not a truth relativism; it may reveal or it may not. are also objects that could come under consideration with this prompt. Our understandings and interpretations of our experiences are, for the most part, culturally determined and this is what we have come to call shared knowledge. 34. 13. The "brand new" TOK exhibition is worth 33% of the grades. (about 100 words) In the Theory of Knowledge exhibition, I will be talking about the three objects of my choice and the prompt I have linked them to. This is a particularly troublesome prompt because it requires an exploration of the terms impose and ethical obligations. A world-picture, on the other hand, comes from the German Weltbild, a picture [BiId] of the world. For the interpretation of a result as a result is conducted with the help of the principle (the principle of reason, for instance), presupposed, but not grounded. 20. For Christians, the name of God is holy, sacred, and He is not to be named because to do so would turn Him into a thing. can new knowledge change established values or beliefs objects Isgho Votre ducation notre priorit They are either accepted or rejected and no further discourse is possible about them. Just as Artificial Intelligence machines arrive at their conclusions that are held in their programming (producing a haiku, for example), you too will also produce an outcome based on your chosen prompt in the manner of how you will examine your three images or objects; and like an Artificial Intelligence machine (to use a metaphor), you will produce a pre-programmed response though you may not be consciously aware of this. I have written extensively on this topic of personal knowledge on this blog site and recommend that you view the following links to find possible approaches in narrowing your focus on this broad topic: CT 1 Knowledge and the Knower: Empowerment; CT 1: Introduction to Theory of Knowledge: Knowledge and the Knower; CT 1: Self-Knowledge and Ethics. Can new knowledge change established values or beliefs? The features or characteristics of that knowledge which can be relied upon are those that provide surety and certainty. Can new knowledge change established values or beliefs? - WordPress.com When we consider our world and the beings in it as objects we, too, experience the disappearance of otherness for it is our cognition which makes or creates those things that we consider beings in our world and the things themselves lack any kind of independent status. (See particularly the comments by Heisenberg in the blogs on The Natural Sciences.). Modern science is applied technology, not technology as applied science. In your analysis of your chosen prompt, you need to determine whether or not it is a first-order question and therefore a description or explanation, or whether or not it is a second order question and therefore involves the nature of knowledge, the type of knowledge involved, and how we know. Withoutphronesisone develops misperceptions of things. The Greek polis is not properly understood as a culture, and we do not translate Platos Republic, for instance, as Platos Culture, yet the discussions in that dialogue are what we would understand as culture. It'll help reduce work load for both students and teachers, while ensuring students get a deeper understanding and focus on the HL subjects. These are subsets of the political in its essence. Does our knowledge depend on our interactions with other knowers? This quote from one of quantum physics founders, Werner Heisenberg, assures us of this: We [physicists] have resigned ourselves to the situation just described, since it turned out that we could represent mathematically and say in every case, dependably and without fear of logical contradiction, what the result of an experiment would be. Dialectic is discussion conducted in friendship, among two or three, whereas the logosof the disseminator of knowledge is directed towards the multitude, the many. The output that is looked for has already been pre-determined prior to the making or creation. The disclosure of things is prior to our human judgmental truth. For the German philosopher Leibniz, a truth is a verifiable proposition, a correct judgement. Adequate evidence means that the evidence provided is correct. As you know, you need to choose one of the 35 IA prompts to base your exhibition on. If sufficient reasons are not given, we doubt the truth of the claim being made. To conceive the self in terms of experiencing implies that it is either pieced together from intrinsically distinct, momentary experiences or as an underlying thread that persists unchanged throughout its experiences. What knowledge itself is does not change, and all knowledge is based on an interpretation. In your Exhibition you will bring your knowledge to bear on the relations of the objects or images that you will choose to exhibit and demonstrate their connectedness to each other. What we call our knowledge requires that what we consider the knowledge to be must be rendered or handed over to others so that it may be justified and made secure. No reason is given for the shops being closed i.e. This is what Kant called his transcendental method. This representational thinking, or visual thinking, determines howthe object stands i.e. It is the final statement, nothing is without reason, that must be understood here. From where do these obligations stem? Reasons must be given for the claims being made. I know this will likely bother anyone who is interested in order and logic, but I've decided to break the order of prompts so I can publish them as I record them. in the highest sense not experimental. The word expert derives from expertise or know how and this kind of knowledge is what the Greeks called techne. About Press Copyright Contact us Creators Advertise Developers Terms Privacy Policy & Safety How YouTube works Test new features Press Copyright Contact us Creators . Suffice it to say that it must be asked: where in all human activity do human beings encounter their essence, what they truly are? OT2: Knowledge and Technology. We doubt a claim when we are lacking certainty and reliability regarding those who are making the claim, the sources of the claim, or when the things about which the claim is being made are not sufficiently justified, that is sufficient reasons have not been supplied for the claim. Object 1: Heliocentrism theory changed how people perceive the universe.
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