The typical positive symptoms of schizophrenia , such as hallucinatory experiences or fixed delusional beliefs, tend to be very upsetting and disruptivenot a positive experience at all for you or someone you care about who is experiencing them. It is quite possible that sleep serves no single universally adaptive function, and different species have evolved different patterns of sleep in response to their unique evolutionary pressures. In Hilgards experiments, he induced participants into a state of hypnosis, and placed their arms into ice water. Diarrhea. Nicotine is most commonly used in the form of tobacco products like cigarettes or chewing tobacco; therefore, there is a tremendous interest in developing effective smoking cessation techniques. Ethanol, which we commonly refer to as alcohol, is in a class of psychoactive drugs known as depressants (Figure 4.15). Another theory regarding why we sleep involves sleeps importance for cognitive function and memory formation (Rattenborg, Lesku, Martinez-Gonzalez, & Lima, 2007). The 20th century Swiss psychiatrist Carl Jung believed that dreams allowed us to tap into the collective unconscious. After dinner, he prepared some materials to use in leading a church youth group the following morning, and then he attempted to repair the familys swimming pool pump before retiring to bed. Cognitive-behavioral therapyis a type of psychotherapy that focuses on cognitive processes and problem behaviors. They were ALL my fault. If you lie down to take a nap and fall asleep very easily, chances are you may have sleep debt. . Some can cause heightened sensitivity to physical stimuli. Like NREM sleep, REM has been implicated in various aspects of learning and memory (Wagner, Gais, & Born, 2001; Siegel, 2001). 22. That is why individuals suffering from sleep deprivation can also put themselves and others at risk when they put themselves behind the wheel of a car or work with dangerous machinery. (a) Common paraphernalia for heroin preparation and use are shown here in a needle exchange kit. Abnormal Motor Behavior. Codeineis an opioid with relatively low potency. This causes blood vessels to dilate, and the skin may feel warm and flushed. In addition, the appearance of K-complexes is often associated with stage 2 sleep. Loss of appetite. B) the cause of the problem. Upset stomach and vomiting. Rotating shift work has pervasive effects on the lives and experiences of individuals engaged in that kind of work, which is clearly illustrated in stories reported in a qualitative study that researched the experiences of middle-aged nurses who worked rotating shifts (West, Boughton & Byrnes, 2009). While people are often unaware of their sleep apnea, they are keenly aware of some of the adverse consequences of insufficient sleep. Our sleep-wake cycle, which is linked to our environments natural light-dark cycle, is perhaps the most obvious example of a circadian rhythm, but we also have daily fluctuations in heart rate, blood pressure, blood sugar, and body temperature. Psychological dependence on these drugs is also possible. This figure illustrates some of the negative consequences of sleep deprivation. While medical marijuana laws have been passed on a state-by-state basis, federal laws still classify this as an illicit substance, making conducting research on the potentially beneficial medicinal uses of marijuana problematic. As you will learn when you study social roles, peoples behavior can be shaped by their expectations of how they should act in a given situation. . Physiologically, the body can become addicted to opiate drugs in less than a week, including when taken as prescribed. Just as bears hibernate in the winter when resources are scarce, perhaps people sleep at night to reduce their energy expenditures. Stick to a sleep schedule, even on the weekends. . It seems like everyone knows a friend, family member, or neighbor who has died of an overdose. Treatment. In addition, sleep deprivation often results in depression-like symptoms. This is of such concern that people who are trying to overcome addiction to these substances should only do so under medical supervision. Freud was not the only theorist to focus on the content of dreams. Inflammation has many causes, including infections, injuries, and diseases. Drug use disorders are addictive disorders, and the criteria for specific substance (drug) use disorders are described in DSM-5. Sleep regulationrefers to the brains control of switching between sleep and wakefulness as well as coordinating this cycle with the outside world. Generally, narcolepsy is treated using psychomotor stimulant drugs, such as amphetamines (Mignot, 2012). In the brain, the hypothalamus, which lies above the pituitary gland, is a main center of homeostasis. Users can experience physical symptoms that include nausea, elevated blood pressure, and increased heart rate. Amphetamines have a mechanism of action quite similar to cocaine in that they block the reuptake of dopamine in addition to stimulating its release (Figure 4.16). Narcoleptic episodes take on other features of REM sleep. Awareness of external stimuli includes experiences such as seeing the light from the sun, feeling the warmth of a room, and hearing the voice of a friend. This is illustrated by McCartys (2010) case study of a 50-year-old woman who sought help for the excessive sleepiness during normal waking hours that she had experienced for several years. Many college students struggle getting the recommended 79 hours of sleep each night. There is a trend that females report more somatic symptoms than males; thus, more females are diagnosed with somatic symptom disorder than males (APA, 2022). Not able to pass stool or gas. Reduced urine. The treatment of insomnia likely would include stress management techniques and changes in problematic behaviors that could contribute to insomnia (e.g., spending more waking time in bed). The heart rate slows . Complications. Typically, individuals suffering from night terrors will fall back asleep again within a short time. The different stages of sleep will be identified, and sleep disorders will be described. In fact, it has been suggested that there is no reason to think that energetic demands could not be addressed with periods of rest and inactivity (Frank, 2006; Rial et al., 2007), and some research has actually found a negative correlation between energetic demands and the amount of time spent sleeping (Capellini, Barton, McNamara, Preston, & Nunn, 2008). (a) This is a statue of a meditating Buddha, representing one of the many religious traditions of which meditation plays a part. Anopioidis one of a category of drugs that includes heroin, morphine, methadone, and codeine. Brainwave activity changes dramatically across the different stages of sleep. Originally reported as a safe alternative to the known cancer-causing agents found in cigarettes, vaping is now known to be very dangerous and has led to serious lung disease and death in users. This is an important factor because we can develop tolerance and experience withdrawal from any number of drugs that we do not abuse. 23. Ebola virus disease (EVD), formerly known as Ebola haemorrhagic fever, is a rare but severe, often fatal illness in humans. As scary as it sounds, many sleep researchers believe that homicidal sleepwalking is possible in individuals suffering from the types of sleep disorders described below (Broughton et al., 1994; Cartwright, 2004; Mahowald, Schenck, & Cramer Bornemann, 2005; Pressman, 2007). NCEH provides leadership to promote health and quality of life by preventing or controlling those diseases, birth defects, or disabilities resulting from interaction between people and the environment. Not surprisingly, insomnia treatment may take one of several different approaches. Awareness of internal stimuli includes feeling pain, hunger, thirst, sleepiness, and being aware of our thoughts and emotions. Unfortunately, this is not the case; however, several hypotheses have been proposed to explain the function of sleep. (credit: modification of work by new 1lluminati/Flickr), Medical marijuana shops are becoming more and more common in the United States. Taking a different approach to explain hypnosis, the social-cognitive theory of hypnosis sees people in hypnotic states as performing the social role of a hypnotized person. c. deaths due to accidents have increased. Watch this, Sleep, which we all experience, is a quiet and mysterious pause in our daily lives. c. By the late 19th century, German psychiatrist SigmundFreudhad become convinced that dreams represented an opportunity to gain access to the unconscious. Consider a patient who believed that as a result of his sleep apnea he had three car accidents in six weeks. Incentral sleep apnea, disruption in signals sent from the brain that regulate breathing cause periods of interrupted breathing (White, 2005). 0. These symptoms usually are opposite of the effects of the drug. Variations and adaptations in cognition and behavior make individuals more or less successful in reproducing and passing their genes to their offspring. Which of the following is true regarding patient adherence: d - all of the above (a - the average adherence rate for taking medication to treat acute illness is about 67%, b - adherence to taking medicine . As the dose increases, people report feeling sedated. While we have discussed the negative outcomes associated with sleep deprivation, it should be pointed out that there are many benefits that are associated with adequate amounts of sleep. Users often consume the drug every few hours across days-long binges called runs, in which the user forgoes food and sleep. Some of these approaches, such as using a bright light as shown inFigure 4.4, have been shown to alleviate some of the problems experienced by individuals suffering from jet lag or from the consequences of rotating shift work. Two of them I didnt even know I was involved in until afterwards (Henry & Rosenthal, 2013, p. 52). During periods of emotional arousal, the woman complained that she felt some weakness on the right side of her body. The participant is told to be open to the process of hypnosis, trust the hypnotist and let go. The clock sets itself with light information received through projections from the retina. As one of their mechanisms of action, cocaine and amphetamines block the reuptake of dopamine from the synapse into the presynaptic cell. You don't have to be a psychologist to know that conditions like hunger or fatigue have an impact on thinking and decision-making; these are examples of internal states. There are two types of sleep apnea: obstructive sleep apnea and central sleep apnea. Popular portrayals of hypnosis have led to some widely-held misconceptions. Repeated use of these stimulants can have significant adverse consequences. . There are now several synthetic versions of opiate drugs (correctly called opioids) that have very potent painkilling effects, and they are often abused. Dopamine activity is often associated with reward and craving; therefore, drugs that affect dopamine neurotransmission often have abuse liability. These sleep episodes are often associated withcataplexy, which is a lack of muscle tone or muscle weakness, and in some cases involves complete paralysis of the voluntary muscles. Until recently, the United States Department of Justice routinely arrested people involved and seized marijuana used in medicinal settings. It was getting to the point where it was kind of scary (Henry & Rosenthal, 2013, p. 52). There was a significant positive correlation between the degree to which women thought about their former spouses during waking hours and the number of times their former spouses appeared as characters in their dreams (Cartwright, Agargun, Kirkby, & Friedman, 2006). As a result, many scientists have urged the federal government to allow for relaxation of current marijuana laws and classifications in order to facilitate a more widespread study of the drugs effects (Aggarwal et al., 2009; Bostwick, 2012; Kogan & Mechoulam, 2007). In a lucid dream, a person becomes aware of the fact that they are dreaming, and as such, they can control the dreams content (LaBerge, 1990). Evolutionary psychologyis a discipline that studies how universal patterns of behavior and cognitive processes have evolved over time as a result ofnatural selection. By the end of this section, you will be able to: Consciousnessdescribes our awareness of internal and external stimuli. In our discussion of the mental symptoms I reported as an illustration of the suggestive treatment of the drug passion the case of a morphinist. Given the central role that sleep plays in our lives and the number of adverse consequences that have been associated with sleep deprivation, one would think that we would have a clear understanding of why it is that we sleep.
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