Cancer Causes and Control 2001;12:927-34. Studies of the association between MVM use and CVD outcomes have focused on several outcomes, including cardiovascular events and mortality. BMJ Open 2020;10:e039119. People take MVMs for various reasons. Take your multivitamin with a full glass of water. Among the more common ingredients are amino acids, protein, creatine, and caffeine. ** These MVMs might also include other nutrients and botanical ingredients. Some of these products might contain amounts of nutrients that are substantially above the DV, RDA, AI, or even UL. ET, or . In 2006, researchers reviewed 63 published RCTs between 1966 and early 2006 that evaluated the potential impacts of MVs and MVMs and individual nutrient supplements on health and on the risk of certain medical conditions (cancer; age-related sensory loss; and cardiovascular, endocrine, neurologic, musculoskeletal, gastroenterologic, renal, and pulmonary diseases) [7]. [, Biesalski HK, Tinz J. Multivitamin/mineral supplements: Rationale and safety. Office of Dietary Supplements. The vitamin A UL during pregnancy is 2,800 mcg/day for adolescents and 3,000 mcg/day for women [66]. Several epidemiological studies and small RCTs have suggested associations between higher intakes of antioxidants or zinc and reduced risk of AMD, although not consistently [30]. This publication is not copyrighted and is in the public domain. Self-reported health without clinically measurable benefits among adult users of multivitamin and multimineral supplements: A cross-sectional study. The MVM also improved memory and executive function. A randomized, placebo-controlled, clinical trial of high-dose supplementation with vitamins C and E, beta carotene, and zinc for age-related macular degeneration and vision loss: AREDS report no. Vit. Pregnancy vitamin with Omega-3 for baby's brain development. Manufacturers sometimes offer these MVMs in packs of two or more pills for users to take daily. The products provided an average of 14 nutrients, although the products with 3 nutrients in 5 trials did not contain a mineral. Vitamins A, C, D and E were used alone, in combination or with other nutritional and non . However, when a deficiency of one of these vitamins or minerals does occur, symptoms can be seen throughout the body because of their relationship to energy metabolism, which happens in all cells of the body. The Clearinghouse does not provide medical advice, treatment recommendations, or referrals to practitioners. We encourage you to discuss any decisions about treatment or care with your health care provider. Dietary vitamins and minerals play ubiquitous roles throughout the human body by serving as veritable "helping hands" (e.g. When injected intravenously, it will increase circulating plasma volume by approximately 3 times the volume infused within 15 minutes if the client is well hydrated. Vitamin C is responsible for synthesizing collagen and is necessary for proper wound healing.6 Vitamin C is also secreted in breast milk thus, a higher dietary intake is recommended for lactating women to make up for this loss. Multivitamin use and colon cancer mortality in the Cancer Prevention Study II cohort (United States). The. Am J Clin Nutr 2015;101:144-52. Some studies have suggested potential health benefits or harms from the use of MVMs, but others have found none. Nevertheless, some users consider use of an MVM as a form of dietary or nutritional insurance, a concept first introduced by Miles Laboratories to market its One-A-Day line of nutrient supplements in the 1940s [13]. [, Christen WG, Glynn RJ, Manson JE, MacFadyen J, Bubes V, Schwartz M, et al. Women. Natural Medicines Comprehensive Database. In the presence of insulin, the micronutrient combination tested further enhanced this effect up to 1445% over controls. U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. For guidance from NCCIH on using PubMed, see How To Find Information About Complementary Health Approaches on PubMed. There is no one single thing that makes it work. Arch Ophthalmol 2001;119:1417-36. Multivitamin use and the risk of mortality and cancer incidence: the Multiethnic Cohort Study. Individuals who have poor nutrient intakes from diet alone, consume low-calorie diets, or avoid certain foods (such as strict vegetarians and vegans) might benefit from taking an MVM [60]. MVM supplementation did not reduce total invasive cancers, although it lowered the incidence of lung cancer by 38%, and it did not reduce any cardiovascular events (such as heart attacks or strokes), death from CVD, or all-cause mortality. The American Institute for Cancer Research recommends against taking dietary supplements for cancer prevention because supplements do not provide the same benefits as eating whole foods [51]. Adults in their 50s and older Minerals, vitamins, and an immunity booster derived from various plant extracts are included. The compound is produced by plants as a defense mechanism against stress, injury, and infection. The report recommends that people following a vegetarian or vegan diet consult their health care provider about whether they need supplementation with iron, vitamin B12, and other nutrients (e.g., choline, iodine, EPA, and DHA). Resveratrol is a natural compound that belongs to a group of polyphenols called stilbenes. Neither baseline use nor changes in use of MVMs over time were associated with changes in the long-term risk of major CVD events, MI, stroke, cardiac revascularizations, or death from CVD. For example, several B vitamins are necessary for basic survival function, such as converting glucose from food into cellular energy (adenosine triphosphate . One team of researchers categorized MVMs more ambiguously as "stress-tab-type," "therapeutic type," and "one-a-day type," so these products probably included MVs as well [8]. Excess nutrient intakes are even more likely among MVM users who also take single vitamin and mineral supplements [15]. It is not intended to substitute for the medical expertise and advice of your health care provider(s). [, Blumberg JB, Frei BB, Fulgoni III VL, Weaver CM, Zeisel SH. In general, MVMs might help people who do not eat a nutritious variety of foods to obtain adequate amounts of essential nutrients. Chemical name: pantothenic acid. The investigators calculated nutrient intakes from participants' diets using a food frequency questionnaire and from MVMs (taken by 23%) using the nutrient composition of two commonly used MVMs. Pregnancy and birth outcomes MVM supplementation, with or without the cocoa extract, improved global cognition, a benefit most pronounced in participants with a history of CVD. Studies of MVM users reveal no adverse effects, except that both treatment and placebo groups in some studies experienced some minor gastrointestinal issues [61]. Vitamin B5. Pharmacodynamics. Infants and children In the French Supplmentation en Vitamines et Minraux Antioxydants (SU.VI.MAX) study, investigators randomly assigned 13,017 adults aged 3560 years to receive a placebo or a daily supplement containing moderate amounts of vitamin C (120 mg), vitamin E (30 mg), beta-carotene (6 mg), selenium (100 mcg), and zinc (20 mg) [48]. Mechanism of action Discussing possible mechanisms of action behind these findings, the authors note a previous study reporting that appropriate consumption of folic acid, vitamin B6, and vitamin B12 was strongly correlated with superior cognitive reserve, which may be attributable to reduced hypermethylation of redox-related genes and reduced . RCTs have focused primarily on the link between MVM use and CVD (or all-cause mortality) outcomes. Multivitamins and minerals are also used to treat vitamin or mineral deficiencies caused by illness, pregnancy, poor nutrition, digestive disorders, certain medications, and many other conditions. Yetley, EA. Have a question? Another large prospective study investigated the association between use of MVs and MVMs (mostly MVMs described as "therapeutic or theragran," "one-a-day," or "stress-tab") and risk of cancer by following 489,640 men and women aged 5071 years for 16 years [8]. The DGA also recommends obtaining recommended amounts of vitamin B12 primarily from fortified foods or dietary supplements, but only for people ages 60 and older. Dietary supplement use differs by socioeconomic and health-related characteristics among U.S. adults, NHANES 2011-2014. Further metabolism of vitamin D to its major circulating form (25(OH)D) and hormonal form (1,25(OH)2D) takes place in the liver and kidney, respectively, but also in other tissues where the 1,25(OH)2D produced serves a paracrine/autocrine function . Some MVMs contain amounts of some vitamins and minerals that are substantially higher than the DV, RDA, AI, or even, in some cases, the established Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL). Updated evidence report and systematic review for the US Preventive Services Task Force. Acknowledging that most health care providers recommend that pregnant people take a daily prenatal MVM, the DGA states that this practice may be necessary to meet the needs for folate or folic acid, iron, iodine, and vitamin D during pregnancy [54]. [, Neuhouser ML, Wassertheil-Smoller S, Thomson C, Aragaki A, Anderson GL, Manson JE, et al. . We will explore situations that a multivitamin may be health-promoting, as well as if there is a benefit or harm in taking extra nutrients . [. Ask ODS In one study, for example, investigators assessed the diets and use of MVMs in a large multiethnic cohort of 90,771 men and women ages 45 and older from Los Angeles and Hawaii [16]. [, Prentice RL. However, the quality of the studies was generally poor, most had small samples (as few as 20 participants), and they used different MVs and MVMs and outcome measures. The DGA lists nutrients of special public health concern in American diets, such as calcium, potassium, dietary fiber, and vitamin D in both adults and children. They have examined associations between MVM use and overall cancer risk or risk of various types of cancer (including breast, prostate, and colon cancer) as well as associations with cancer-related death. [, Keats EC, Haider BA, Tam E, Bhutta ZA. 2007;1:42-55. MVM supplementation resulted in 13% lower odds of low birth weight, 12% lower odds of preterm birth, and 14% lower odds of small size for gestational age than iron and folic acid supplementation alone. Although MVM use might not reduce overall chronic disease risk, several nutrients in MVMs might benefit certain groups of people. MVM use did not alter the risk of any of these outcomes. When the investigators compared the outcomes of supplement users and nonusers, they found no association between use of these products for a median of 8 years and an increased risk of any common cancer or total cancers, CVD, or total mortality [35]. It concluded that vitamin and mineral supplements had "little or no benefit" in preventing cancer, CVD, and death, except that MVMs may provide a "small benefit" against cancer. What is a multivitamin? Huang H-Y, Caballero B, Chang S, Alberg AJ, Semba RD, Schneyer C, et al. The recommended dietary amount for lactating women ages 19-50 is 120 mg and pregnant women is 85 mg.2. Institute of Medicine], Food and Nutrition Board. A number of minerals are essential for health: calcium, phosphorus, potassium, sodium, chloride, magnesium, iron, zinc, iodine, sulfur, cobalt, copper, fluoride, manganese, and selenium. Ironically, the populations at highest risk of nutritional inadequacy who might benefit the most from MVMs are the least likely to take them [1]. Multivitamins in the prevention of cancer and cardiovascular disease: The COcoa Supplement and Multivitamin Outcomes Study (COSMOS) randomized clinical trial. Depending on their formulations, MVMs can help individuals obtain adequate amounts of these nutrients, except for potassium (because MVMs contain only very small amounts of this mineral) and dietary fiber. Multivitamin and iron may also be used for . In some cases, fortified foods and dietary supplements are useful when it is not possible otherwise to meet needs for one or more nutrients (e.g., during specific life stages such as pregnancy" [54]. Multivitamins are a combination of many different vitamins that are normally found in foods and other natural sources.. Multivitamins are used to provide vitamins that are not taken in through the diet. However, few randomized clinical trials (RCTs) have been conducted because these studies need to be long enough to show effects on disease risk that go beyond simply identifying intermediate biomarkers that might suggest such risk. [, Macpherson H, Pipingas A, Pase MP. Am J Clin Nutr 2013;97:437-44. Enzymes for detoxification of various mycotoxins: origins and mechanisms of catalytic action. Vitamins and minerals can cause toxicity if consumed in large amounts. Revitalize Multi-vitamin and Mineral Complex: Iron (1.5 mg / cap) + Ascorbic acid . [, Johnstone JM, Hughes A, Goldenberg JZ, Romijn AR, Rucklidge JJ. One RCT conducted in Linxian, China, randomized 3,318 persons ages 4069 years who had precancerous lesions in the esophagus (a relatively common condition in this population, which had a low dietary intake of several nutrients) to receive a daily MVM containing 14 vitamins and 12 minerals in doses 2 to 3 times recommended amounts or a placebo for 6 years [44]. However, use of MVs or MVMs conferred no protection among participants consuming less than two alcoholic beverages per day, whereas use among those consuming more was associated with a 29% lower risk of colon cancer mortality. Know the Science features a variety of materials, including interactive modules, quizzes, and videos, as well as links to informative content from Federal resources designed to help consumers make sense of health information. Nutri-Vet has provided us with their Multi-Vite Paw-Gel for cats that is the best overall supplement available.
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